The «Dublin IV» Proposal: Towards more solidarity and
protection of individual rights?
Sarah Progin-Theuerkauf
The Achilles‘ heel of the Dublin system is and has always
been the lack of solidarity between the Member States and the
relatively poor standard of protection of individual rights of the
concerned applicants for international protection. In May 2016, the
EU Commission has published a proposal to reform the Dublin III
Regulation. Will the recast regulation achieve the aim of creating
«a more sustainable and fair Common European Asylum
System», as announced by the Commission? The following article
discusses and analyses the Dublin IV proposal in the light of the
principle of solidarity and the EU’s obligation to protect
fundamental rights of migrants.
Zitiervorschlag: Sarah Progin-Theuerkauf, The «Dublin IV»
Proposal: Towards more solidarity and protection of individual rights?,
in: sui-generis 2017, S. 61
URL: sui-generis.ch/34
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21257/sg.34
I. Background
On May 4, 2016, the European Commission has published three proposals to
reform the Common European Asylum System[1].
They are the first series of two legislatives packages the Commission has
presented in 2016 to tackle the current «refugee crisis»[2].
One of the proposals (the «Dublin IV» proposal) intends to amend
the Dublin system[3],
the controversial cornerstone of the Common European Asylum System.
The Dublin system was established in 1990, when the twelve members of the
European Economic Community signed the Dublin Convention[4], an
International Agreement[5]. It
entered force in 1997. With the Amsterdam Treaty, the European Community
gained more competences for the area of Asylum Law[6]. The Dublin Convention was then «communitarised» and
turned into the Dublin II Regulation[7]. In
2013, the Dublin II regulation became the Dublin III Regulation[8],
with little changes. The idea of the Dublin system is to establish criteria
that help to identify the Member State responsible for the examination of
an application for international protection. There is only one responsible
Member State for each claim («one chance only»). «Asylum
shopping» is not permitted[9].
Two aspects have always been criticized about the Dublin system: Firstly,
it is said to impose a more substantial burden on Member States at the
external border of the European Union[10]
due to its Article 13(1), which says that a Member State where an applicant
has irregularly crossed the border coming from a third country is
responsible for the assessment of his or her asylum claim. Secondly, the
system does not properly take into account fundamental rights of the
persons concerned[11].
According to the European Commission, the 2016 proposal aims at
«creating a fairer, more efficient and more sustainable system for
allocating asylum applications among Member States»[12].
Although the Dublin system was originally not intended as a burden sharing
instrument[13],
the obligation to create a system that is more solidary than the current
one can be derived from Article 80 TFEU[14], inserted into the TFEU by the Lisbon Treaty (2009). It is also
evident that the protection of fundamental rights[15]
of concerned persons has to be guaranteed. The Stockholm Programme[16]
of December 2009 already called for a Common European Asylum System
«based on high protection standards»[17].
It added that «effective solidarity with the Member States facing
particular pressures should be promoted»[18].
In its communication of April 6, 2016[19],
the European Commission also called for reforms and confirmed the
conclusion that the Dublin system is not functioning properly: «The
overall objective is to move from a system which by design or poor
implementation places a disproportionate responsibility on certain Member
States and encourages uncontrolled and irregular migratory flows to a
fairer system which provides orderly and safe pathways to the EU for third
country nationals in need of protection or who can contribute to the EU's
economic development. The EU needs a robust and effective system for
sustainable migration management for the future that is fair for host
societies and EU citizens as well as for third country nationals and
countries of origin and transit. For it to work, this system must be
comprehensive, and grounded on the principles of responsibility and
solidarity.»
In May 2016, the European Commission seemed somewhat less determined to
modify the Dublin system: In its press release[20]
announcing the first three proposals to reform the Common European Asylum
System, it stated that regarding the allocation of asylum seekers among the
Member states, «the basic principle will remain the same.»
However, the Commission continues to declare that «today's proposal
will make the Dublin System more transparent and enhance its effectiveness,
while providing a mechanism to deal with situations of disproportionate
pressure on Member States' asylum systems. The new system is designed to be
fairer but also more robust, one that is better able to withstand
pressure.»
But which changes will the Dublin IV proposal really entail? Will it really
bring forward solidarity between the Member States? Will it lead to a
better treatment of asylum seekers in Europe? These two questions will be
examined in the present article.
II. Content of the Dublin IV proposal
The main changes to the Dublin III Regulation that the Commission
suggested in its Dublin IV proposal are the following:
-
A corrective allocation mechanism (fairness mechanism) will be
created, which will automatically be established when a country has to
handle a disproportionate number of asylum applications – considering
the country's size and wealth. If one country receives applications
exceeding 150% of the reference number, all further new applicants
(regardless of their nationality) will be relocated across the EU. This
applies until the number of applications is back below that level. A Member
State has the option of temporarily not taking part in the reallocation. In
that case, it has to pay a «solidarity contribution» of €
250’000 for each person refused to the Member State the person is
allocated to instead;
-
A special pre-procedure will be introduced (that actually petrifies
the «Turkey deal»): It starts with an obligation to introduce a
claim for international protection in the Member State of first irregular
entry. The Member State then has the obligation (not: the possibility) to
check whether the application is inadmissible, on the grounds that the
applicant comes from a first country of asylum or a safe third country. If
this is the case, the applicant will be returned to that country. If the
person comes from a safe country of origin or presents a security risk, the
application must be dealt with in an accelerated procedure;
-
Legal obligations for applicants for international protection will
be introduced, the above-mentioned obligation to deposit their asylum claim
in the first country they enter will be fortified by a duty to remain in
the Member State responsible for their claim, geographically limited
reception benefits, and sanctions in case of non-compliance;
-
Shorter, but not binding time limits for sending transfer requests,
receiving replies and carrying out transfers of asylum seekers between
Member States will be included in the Regulation;
-
Shifts of responsibility will be removed (for example the expiry of
deadlines for replying to take charge requests);
-
Deadlines for the exercise of a person’s right to an effective
remedy against a transfer decision will be shortened (7 days);
-
The responsibility criteria will be streamlined (for example, the
abolition of the cessation of responsibility after 12 months from irregular
entry);
-
A new responsibility criterion for unaccompanied minors will be
introduced: In the absence of family members or relatives, the country
where the first asylum application was lodged shall be responsible for the
examination of an asylum application of an unaccompanied minor;
-
The Dublin system will be applied to recognized beneficiaries of
international protection.
III. Improvement or regress?
In the following, the suggested modifications will have to be checked for
their real value in the light of the claim for more solidarity, while at
the same time safeguarding individual rights of asylum seekers.
1. Will the suggested changes enhance solidarity between the EU Member
States?
As highlighted above, one of the major shortcomings of the Dublin system is
the lack of sharing of responsibility between the Member States. However,
the proposal still places the main burden on the Member States with
external borders (Italy, Greece). The objective of ensuring an equitable
distribution of applicants for international protection among and thus a
certain degree of solidarity between the Member States will not be reached.
The new «fairness mechanism» will most likely never be applied,
as the reference numbers will never be exceeded: With most of the
applicants coming from a «safe» third country (Turkey…), a
very high number of them will have to be sent back there after the
pre-procedure.
The obligation to introduce a claim for international protection in the
Member State of first irregular entry will further contribute to the burden
of the Member States at the external borders of the EU. The same is valid
for the abolished possibility of cessation of responsibility in case of
irregular crossing of an external border: The Member States at the borders
will remain responsible forever.
As to the idea of paying a solidarity contribution of € 250’000
to another Member State who is willing to take over the asylum seeker is
simply absurd. Firstly, because the amount is totally arbitrary: For
persons easy to integrate, it is far too high, but for persons that will
need to receive social assistance over many years, it seems rather low.
Secondly, because it is actually not a sign of solidarity, but the exact
opposite: It will allow Member States not willing to be solidary to buy
themselves out of the system. Moreover, it will be impossible to execute
this provision in practice, as Member States would have to transfer money
back and forth all year long.
Therefore, the proposal clearly falls short of enhancing more solidarity
between the Member States.
2. Will the Dublin IV proposal improve the situation of Asylum seekers
in the EU?
Actually, due to the new pre-procedure, it will be more and more difficult
to have one’s asylum claim assessed in the EU. The pre-procedure
might also bear the risk of a violation of the principle of family unity,
as persons will be sent back notwithstanding the presence of family members
in the EU. In fact, the Dublin IV proposal cements the EU-Turkey deal. If
Turkey is considered a safe third country (meaning that it is safe for
third country nationals; not necessarily for Turks, which is contested),
the majority of asylum seekers that enter the EU will be sent back to
Turkey, not because of the deal (whose qualification as a legally binding
agreement is uncertain[21]), but because of the explicit provisions of the new Dublin regulation.
The new legal obligations for applicants for international protection to
deposit their claims and to remain in the first country of irregular entry
(along with the sanctions in case of non-compliance) also bear the risk of
human rights violations. Namely, families might remain separated for an
excessively long period.
Moreover, shorter time limits throughout the whole procedure will not only
cause infringements of individual rights, but also might increase the
already high pressure on Member States' authorities (even if they are not
binding), almost certainly leading to more cursory assessments of the
individual cases.
All in all, the protection of fundamental rights of asylum seekers is
clearly weakened by the proposal.
3. Will there be any other improvement?
It is difficult to identify at least some positive points of the proposal:
Only the harmonization of the notion of family members and the introduction
of a maximum period for detention (6 weeks) can be judged as some kind of
material progress. What regards all the rest, the proposal will rather lead
to a worsening of the situation of applicants for international protection
in the EU, than to a better functioning of the system.
IV. Conclusion
Considering the history of the Common European Asylum System and landmark
cases[22]
of the European Court of Justice in the area of asylum, the proposal seems
premature and incoherent. Some of the suggested modifications undeniably
increase the risk of human rights violations of applicants for
international protection. The proposal therefore appears to be just another
hasty reaction to the socalled «refugee crisis», allowing the EU
to prove critical Member States that efforts are being made. The proposal
also reflects the prevailing tendencies in the EU regarding the regulation
of migration: Regaining control of the situation, ending large-scale
«irregular movements» and «protecting» the EU’s
external borders are the primary goals. That’s why some legal
scholars also denunciated an «Orbanisation»[23]
of EU Asylum Law.
As a conclusion, one can say that, compared to the currently applicable
system, there is no real added value of the Dublin IV proposal. On the
contrary: It would rather add to the existing problems, as it will not be
able to encourage Member States to commit to more solidary among each other
and to a better treatment of asylum seekers. It is hard to imagine that
such an instrument will find consensus in the Council and the Parliament.
But: Some elements of the proposal might survive the ongoing negotiations.
And these could still cause enough harm to the already weak position of
migrants in Europe[24].
[1]
Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the
Council (COM(2016) 270 final): establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the
Member State responsible for examining an application for
international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a
third-country national or a stateless person (recast); Proposal for
a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council (No 439/2010, COM(2016) 271 final): on the European Union Agency for Asylum and repealing Regulation
(EU); Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of
the Council (No 604/2013, COM(2016) 272 final): on the establishment of 'Eurodac' for the comparison of
fingerprints for the effective application of establishing the
criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State
responsible for examining an application for international
protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country
national or a stateless person, for identifying an illegally
staying third-country national or stateless person and on requests
for the comparison with Eurodac data by Member States' law
enforcement authorities and Europol for law enforcement purposes
(recast).
[2]
A second package was proposed on July 13, 2016: Proposal for a
Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council (2013/32/EU, COM (2016) 467 final): establishing a common procedure in the Union and repealing
Directive; Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and
Council (COM(2016) 466 final): on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or
stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for
a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for
subsidiary protection and for the content of the protection granted
and amending Council Directive
2003/ 109/EC of 25 November 2003
concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term
residents; Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and
of the Council (COM(2016) 465 final): laying down standards for the reception of applicants for
international protection (recast); Proposal of the European
Parliament and the Council (No 516/2014,
COM(2016) 468 final): for a Regulation establishing a Union Resettlement Framework and
amending Regulation (EU).
[3]
Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council (No 604/2013): establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the
Member State responsible for examining an application for
international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a
third-country national or a stateless person,
OJ L 180, 29.6.2013, p. 31–59.
[4]
Convention determining the State responsible for examining
applications for asylum lodged in one of the Member States of the
European Communities - Dublin Convention,
OJ C 254, 19.8.1997,
p. 1–12.
[5]
For a historic overview, see Sarah Progin-Theuerkauf, Art. 78
AEUV, in: Von der Groeben /Schwarze/Hatje (Hrsg,),
Europäisches Unionsrecht, p. 7. Auflage 2015, notes 1 et
seq.
[8]
Regulation (EU) of the European Parliament and of the Council (No 604/2013 of 26 June 2013): establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the
Member State responsible for examining an application for
international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a
third-country national or a stateless person,
OJ L 180, 29.6.2013, p. 31–59.
[9]
Sarah Progin-Theuerkauf, Das Dublin-System,
On the move, 29.3.2016.
[10]
However, it is contested whether this is really the case, as other
states (without external borders) have been the major recipients of
asylum seekers in the last years. It is also difficult to evaluate
how heavy the burden really is, as this does not depend on absolute
numbers of asylum claims, but also on the relative capacity of a
country to receive (and integrate) asylum seekers. Cf. Madeline
Garlick, Solidarity under strain, 2016, p. 163.
[11]
Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber)
C-411/10 and 493/10
of 21 December 2011; Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber)
C-648/11
of 6 June 2013 (MA, BT, DA versus Secretary of State for the Home
Department); Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber)
C-63/15
of 7 June 2016 (Mehrdad Ghezelbash versus Staatssecretaris van
Veiligheid en Justitie): Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber)
C-155/15
of 7 June 2016 (George Karim versus Migrationsverket).
[13]
Cf. Madeline Garlick, Solidarity under strain, 2016, p. 162.
[14]
Article 80 TFEU: «The policies of the Union set out in this
Chapter and their implementation shall be governed by the principle
of solidarity and fair sharing of responsibility, including its
financial implications, between the Member States. Whenever
necessary, the acts of the Union adopted pursuant to this Chapter
shall contain appropriate measures to give effect to this
principle.»
[16]
Council of the European Union (17024/09): The Stockholm Programme – An open and secure Europe
serving and protecting the citizens.
[19]
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and
the Council (COM (2016) 197 final): Towards a reform of the Common European Asylum System and
enhancing legal avenues to Europe.
[20]
European Commission (IP/16/1620), Towards a sustainable and fair Common European Asylum System,
press release of 4 May 2016
[21]
Order of the general Court (First Chamber, Extended Composition
T‑192/16
of 28 February 2017 (NF versus European); Order of the general
Court (First Chamber, Extended Composition)
T-193/16
of 28 February 2017 (NG versus European Council); Order of the
general Court (First Chamber, Extended Composition)
T-257/16
of 28 February 2017 (NM versus European Council).
[22]
For instance Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber)
C-648/11
of 6 June 2013 (MA, BT, DA versus Secretary of State for the Home
Department); Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber)
C-411/10 and 493/10
of 21 December 2011.
[23]
Steve Peers, The Orbanisation of EU asylum law: the latest EU
asylum proposals,
EU Law Analysis, 6 May 2016.
[24]
See also Sarah Progin-Theuerkauf, The «Dublin IV»
proposal, One step forward and ten steps back,
On the move, 1.9.2016.